Common Sense by Thomas Paine is a seminal pamphlet advocating for American independence from British rule. Paine begins by distinguishing society from government, asserting that while society is a positive force born out of human needs, government is a necessary evil created to restrain human vices. He critiques the English constitution as overly complex and flawed, dominated by monarchical and aristocratic tyranny that undermines true freedom. Paine vehemently opposes monarchy and hereditary succession, arguing that kingship is unnatural, unjust, and historically a source of conflict and oppression. He supports the idea that government should be simple, accountable, and designed to secure freedom and security for the people.
Paine then addresses the contemporary state of American affairs, rejecting the notion that the colonies should remain dependent on Great Britain. He challenges the idea that Britain has been a protective parent, instead portraying it as a self-interested power whose policies have harmed the colonies economically and politically. Paine emphasizes that America’s true connections are with all of Europe rather than solely with England, and that continued dependence on Britain entangles the colonies in European conflicts detrimental to their interests. He calls for a complete break from British rule, arguing that separation is both natural and necessary for the continent’s peace, prosperity, and future security.